Gal3 Plays a Deleterious Role in a Mouse Model of Endotoxemia.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia induces an acute systemic inflammatory response that mimics some important features of sepsis, the disease with the highest mortality rate worldwide. In this work, we have analyzed a murine model of endotoxemia based on a single intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg of LPS. We took advantage of galectin-3 (Gal3) knockout mice and found that the absence of Gal3 decreased the mortality rate oflethal endotoxemia in the first 80 h after the administration of LPS, along with a reduction in the tissular damage in several organs measured by electron microscopy. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrated that, in control conditions, peripheral immune cells, especially monocytes, exhibited high levels of Gal3, which were early depleted in response to LPS injection, thus suggesting Gal3 release under endotoxemia conditions. However, serum levels of Gal3 early decreased in response to LPS challenge (1 h), an indication that Gal3 may be extravasated to peripheral organs. Indeed, analysis of Gal3 in peripheral organs revealed a robust up-regulation of Gal3 36 h after LPS injection. Taken together, these results demonstrate the important role that Gal3 could play in the development of systemic inflammation, a well-established feature of sepsis, thus opening new and promising therapeutic options for these harmful conditions.

Brainiac Caspases: Beyond the Wall of Apoptosis.

For the last two decades, caspases, a family of cysteine-aspartic proteases, have evolved from being considered solely as regulators of apoptosis or inflammation to having a wider range of functions. In this mini review, we focus on the most recent "non-apoptotic" roles of caspases in the CNS, particularly in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Non-apoptotic caspase functions in microglia have already been reviewed extensively elsewhere. Here we discuss the involvement of caspases in the activation of the inflammasome, autophagy, and non-apoptotic forms of cell death such as necroptosis and pyroptosis. Also, we review the involvement of caspases in synapses and the processing of aggregates key to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. Likewise, we mention the recently described involvement of caspases in mitochondrial biogenesis, which is a function independent of the enzymatic activity. We conclude discussing the relevance that "new" functions of caspases have in the CNS and the future of this field of research.

TET2 Regulates the Neuroinflammatory Response in Microglia.

Epigenomic mechanisms regulate distinct aspects of the inflammatory response in immune cells. Despite the central role for microglia in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, little is known about their epigenomic regulation of the inflammatory response. Here, we show that Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) methylcytosine dioxygenase expression is increased in microglia upon stimulation with various inflammogens through a NF-κB-dependent pathway. We found that TET2 regulates early gene transcriptional changes, leading to early metabolic alterations, as well as a later inflammatory response independently of its enzymatic activity. We further show that TET2 regulates the proinflammatory response in microglia of mice intraperitoneally injected with LPS. We observed that microglia associated with amyloid ß plaques expressed TET2 in brain tissue from individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in 5xFAD mice. Collectively, our findings show that TET2 plays an important role in the microglial inflammatory response and suggest TET2 as a potential target to combat neurodegenerative brain disorders.

Tratamiento de la Psoriasis vulgar con Autohemoterapia menor. Hospital Celia Sánchez Manduley. 2016-2018 / Treatment of vulgar Psoriasis with minor autohemotherapy. Hospital Celia Sánchez Manduley. 2016-2018

Se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental con Autohemoterapia menor a los pacientes con Psoriasis vulgar, en el hospital Celia Sánchez Manduley desde marzo 2016-mayo 2018; con el objetivo de describir la respuesta de estos pacientes a dicho tratamiento. La población objeto de estudio quedó conformada por 71 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión/exclusión establecidos. Los datos se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas y encuestas realizadas a los pacientes y los resultados se presentaron en tablas de contingencias mediante el sistema Windows Vista. Se estudiaron las variables: respuesta clínica, tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad, número de sesiones, efectos adversos, tiempo de aparición de brotes. Se realizó el cálculo inicial del PASI y en cada consulta de evaluación y al final del tratamiento; se calculó el porciento del cambio del PASI, pues la respuesta clínica se realizó teniendo en cuenta las categorías de éste. Se concluyó que en el estudio predominaron los pacientes respondedores al tratamiento con Autohemoterapia menor, sin influir en la respuesta el tiempo de evolución de su enfermedad. Necesitó la mayoría de los psoriásicos la mayor cantidad de sesiones para la mejoría o desaparición de las lesiones y se logró con esta terapéutica espaciar los brotes sin efectos adversos en ningún enfermo(AU)

A quasi-experimental study with less autohemotherapy was performed on patients with vulgar Psoriasis, at the Celia Sánchez Manduley hospital from March 2016-May 2018; with the objective of describing the response of these patients to said treatment. The study population consisted of 71 patients who met the established inclusion/exclusion criteria. The data were obtained from the clinical histories and surveys made to the patients and the results were presented in contingency tables using the Windows Vista system. The variables were studied: clinical response, time of disease evolution, number of sessions, adverse effects, time of appearance of outbreaks. The initial calculation of the PASI was performed and in each evaluation consultation and at the end of the treatment; the percentage of the PASI change was calculated, since the clinical response was made taking into account the categories of the latter. It was concluded that in the study the patients responding to treatment with minor autohemotherapy predominated, without influencing the response time of their disease evolution. The majority of psoriatics needed the most sessions for the improvement or disappearance of the lesions and this therapy was achieved by spacing the outbreaks without adverse effects in any patient(EU)

Hydroxytyrosol protects from aging process via AMPK and autophagy; a review of its effects on cancer, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, immune-mediated and neurodegenerative diseases.

Aging is a complex process. It is considered a risk factor for several diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, most of which have an oxidative and inflammatory base. Given that life expectancy is increasing, there is a present interest in the search for anti-aging strategies that allow a healthy aging. Interestingly, in Spain, where the Mediterranean Diet (MD) is the reference food pattern, life expectancy will have the highest average by 2040. This diet is characterized, among other items, by virgin olive oil intake, which contains between 50-200 mg/kg of hydroxytyrosol, a major polyphenolic component of olive oil. Hydroxytyrosol is formed by the hydrolysis of oleuropein during the maturing of olives, storage of olive oil, and preparation of table olives. It is a yield of oleuropein by microbiota action in the organism after virgin olive oil consumption. The daily intake in context of the MD is estimated to be around 0.15 and 30 mg/day. In the last few years, hydroxytyrosol has received increasing attention due to its multiple pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic activities. It has also been the focus of extensive research regarding its bioactivity. In this sense, hydroxytyrosol is under consideration for the development of new anti-aging strategies. In this review we will summarize the potential anti-aging effects of hydroxytyrosol and its protective role in several age-related diseases.

Chronic stress as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.

This review aims to point out that chronic stress is able to accelerate the appearance of Alzheimer's disease (AD), proposing the former as a risk factor for the latter. Firstly, in the introduction we describe some human epidemiological studies pointing out the possibility that chronic stress could increase the incidence, or the rate of appearance of AD. Afterwards, we try to justify these epidemiological results with some experimental data. We have reviewed the experiments studying the effect of various stressors on different features in AD animal models. Moreover, we also point out the data obtained on the effect of chronic stress on some processes that are known to be involved in AD, such as inflammation and glucose metabolism. Later, we relate some of the processes known to be involved in aging and AD, such as accumulation of ß-amyloid, TAU hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress and impairement of mitochondrial function, emphasizing how they are affected by chronic stress/glucocorticoids and comparing with the description made for these processes in AD. All these data support the idea that chronic stress could be considered a risk factor for AD.

In vivo effect of apomorphine and haloperidol on MPP neurotoxicity.

The involvement of dopaminergic (DAergic) receptor drugs in the neuroprotection against the neurotoxic action of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) in the DAergic terminals in striatum was studied using an intracerebral microdialysis technique. Twenty-four hours after surgery (day 1), apomorphine and haloperidol, alone or with 1 mmol/l of MPP(+) perfusion through the microdialysis probe, were systemically administered. Forty-eight hours after surgery (day 2), 1 mmol/l of MPP(+) was perfused for 15 min in all groups of animals and the output of dopamine was measured. The amount of dopamine was directly proportional to the remaining striatal DAergic terminals. The results show that: (1) subcutaneous administration of apomorphine before MPP(+) perfusion prevented MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity, and (2) intraperitoneal administration of haloperidol before MPP(+) perfusion did not prevent MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity.

Bases para escribir una monografía o una tesina / Fundamentals for writing a monograph or thesis

A la hora de escribir un trabajo científico sobre un tema elegido, se debe comenzar la búsqueda de la bibliografía y acudir al tutor para su guía y asesoramiento. Luego de ordenar las ideas, se planea el trabajo que quedará plasmado en el índice. Se comienza escribiendo la introducción, donde se expone brevemente toda la temática y se fijan los objetivos generales y específicos. Se continúa con el desarrollo, donde se amplían los conceptos expuestos en la introducción. Las conclusiones cierran el tema como la respuesta a los objetivos planteados. El trabajo finaliza con las citas bibliográficas según las normas establecidas. Concluido el trabajo, se organiza el resumen.(AU)

Bases para escribir una monografía o una tesina / Fundamentals for writing a monograph or thesis

A la hora de escribir un trabajo científico sobre un tema elegido, se debe comenzar la búsqueda de la bibliografía y acudir al tutor para su guía y asesoramiento. Luego de ordenar las ideas, se planea el trabajo que quedará plasmado en el índice. Se comienza escribiendo la introducción, donde se expone brevemente toda la temática y se fijan los objetivos generales y específicos. Se continúa con el desarrollo, donde se amplían los conceptos expuestos en la introducción. Las conclusiones cierran el tema como la respuesta a los objetivos planteados. El trabajo finaliza con las citas bibliográficas según las normas establecidas. Concluido el trabajo, se organiza el resumen.

Peripheral inflammation increases the deleterious effect of CNS inflammation on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.

Evidence supports the role of inflammation in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we are interested in inflammation as a risk factor by itself and not only as a factor contributing to neurodegeneration. We tested the influence of a mild to moderate peripheral inflammation (injection of carrageenan into the paws of rats) on the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in an animal model based on the intranigral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent inflammatory agent. Overall, the treatment with carrageenan increased the effect of the intranigral injection of LPS on the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN along with all the other parameters studied, including: serum levels of the inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and C-reactive protein; activation of microglia, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, the adhesion molecule ICAM and the enzyme iNOS, loss of astrocytes and damage to the blood brain barrier (BBB). The possible implication of BBB rupture in the increased loss of dopaminergic neurons has been studied using another Parkinson's disease animal model based on the intraperitoneal injection of rotenone. In this experiment, loss of dopaminergic neurons was also strengthened by carrageenan, without affecting the BBB. In conclusion, our data show that a mild to moderate peripheral inflammation can exacerbate the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons caused by a harmful stimulus.